Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 美国货币史，1867- 1960 txt umd azw3 下载 fb2 pdf 在线 免费

Writing in the June 1965 issue of theEconomic Journal, Harry G. Johnson begins with a sentence seemingly calibrated to the scale of the book he set himself to review: "The long-awaited monetary history of the United States by Friedman and Schwartz is in every sense of the term a monumental scholarly achievement--monumental in its sheer bulk, monumental in the definitiveness of its treatment of innumerable issues, large and small . . . monumental, above all, in the theoretical and statistical effort and ingenuity that have been brought to bear on the solution of complex and subtle economic issues."

Friedman and Schwartz marshaled massive historical data and sharp analytics to support the claim that monetary policy--steady control of the money supply--matters profoundly in the management of the nation's economy, especially in navigating serious economic fluctuations. In their influential chapter 7, The Great Contraction--which Princeton published in 1965 as a separate paperback--they address the central economic event of the century, the Depression. According to Hugh Rockoff, writing in January 1965: "If Great Depressions could be prevented through timely actions by the monetary authority (or by a monetary rule), as Friedman and Schwartz had contended, then the case for market economies was measurably stronger."

Milton Friedman won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2000 for work related to A Monetary History as well as to his other Princeton University Press book, A Theory of the Consumption Function (1957).

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金本位能够以看不見的、没有征兆的、类似自动的方式产生一种对货币的调节，这种调节带有可预見性和規律性，要比审慎的，有意的制度安排能更好地促使货币稳定。这是一个表面現象具有迷惑性的典型例子，表面現象下往往运行着不为表象所反映的支配力量。

联邦储备券在流通中逐步取而代之，其占流通中总通货量的比重由1932年的51%上升到1960年的84%，从而见证了持续的货币权力集中化以及美国从准实物本位到信用本位的过渡。

黄金的存款可能会随着黄金升水的降低而增加，因为这样会减少以黄金形式持有流动性资金的风险，而黄金是以绿钞表示的负债的准备金。然而，事实上黄金的存款好像并没有增长，如果的确有的话，应该能够抵消黄金升水量的下降。因此，虽然我们所估算的1867-1879年货币存量低估了经济总量，但低估的数量是逐步下降的。

美国政府拥有三项直接资金来源：税收、借款和货币创造。......有管理的金本位，但是又不可能具体说明由谁以及基于何种原则来对其数量进行管理。联储、财政部及其他机构均出于各种目标通过各自的行为对黄金数量施加影响。理论上，联储有权在较大的范围内随意地调控货币量，......也许“自由决定的信用本位”是用来概括这一演化了的货币本位的最简单用词。”

由于这种资本外逃增加了对美元的需求，其对美国商品和服务贸易（不含黄金在内）及汇率的影响，与黄金价格支持计划的影响恰好方向相反，并对后者起到了抵消的作用。一方面，美国政府为了购买黄金不断增加美元的供给；另一方面，外国人为持有美元不断增加对美元的需求。通过以海外资产交换黄金并将黄金转移至美国财政部，外国人可以获得美元而财政部可以得到黄金，却不影响美国其他国际收支项目的平衡。

白银购买计划同黄金购买计划一样，更适合将其视为对某种特定商品的价格支持计划，......同黄金购买计划一样，......白银购买和货币发行授权之间自动建立的联系。......意味着白银购买扩大了政府发行货币的权力，政府因此发行的货币比其用于购买白银的货币多得多。

书籍介绍

Writing in the June 1965 issue of the "Economic Journal", Harry G. Johnson begins with a sentence seemingly calibrated to the scale of the book he set himself to review: 'The long-awaited "Monetary History of the United States" by Friedman and Schwartz is in every sense of the term a monumental scholarly achievement - monumental in its sheer bulk, monumental in the definitiveness of its treatment of innumerable issues, large and small ...monumental, above all, in the theoretical and statistical effort and ingenuity that have been brought to bear on the solution of complex and subtle economic issues'.Friedman and Schwartz marshaled massive historical data and sharp analytics to support the claim that monetary policy - steady control of the money supply - matters profoundly in the management of the nation's economy, especially in navigating serious economic fluctuations. In their influential chapter 7, "The Great Contraction" - which Princeton published in 1965 as a separate paperback - they address the central economic event of the century, the Depression. According to Hugh Rockoff, writing in January 1965: 'If Great Depressions could be prevented through timely actions by the monetary authority (or by a monetary rule), as Friedman and Schwartz had contended, then the case for market economies was measurably stronger.' Milton Friedman won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2000 for work related to "A Monetary History " as well as to his other Princeton University Press book, "A Theory of the Consumption Function" (1957).